Understanding Memory - Asian Massive Crew Community 2002/2020
Home Control Panel Gallery Chat Room Arcade Eye Candy Projects Multimedia Networking Search Sign Up

Advertisements



★ ♥ ★ A Multicultural Community that unites people from all over the world ★ ♥ ★
Go Back   Asian Massive Crew Community 2002/2020 > PROFESSIONS / EDUCATION > Social Studies > Psychology
Forgotten Your Password? Register
User Tag List

Reply
 
Thread Tools

Understanding Memory
  #1  
Old 17-03-2008
KALKI's Avatar
KALKI
RHTDM
KALKI is offline
 
Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: I own a tent, it has a hole in it.
Posts: 47,407
KALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant futureKALKI has a brilliant future
Country: KALKI's Flag is: UK
My Mood:
Status:
:|

Understanding Memory


Levels of Processing Theory

And Other Related Approaches To

Understanding Memory


Where Atkinson and Shiffrin Left Us Off:

Three distinct memory buffers with control processes moving information from buffer to buffer
Each memory buffer has unique characteristics that specify it as a distinct system
Codes/Representations
Capacity
Rate of forgetting
Notice that what's kind of cool about this is that each buffer has multiple characteristics that distinguish it from other buffers.
The Argument Against Multi-store Models

Problem: If that wasn't true, then it would be harder to justify theorizing that there are separate buffers. Afterall, if the only thing that distinguishes LTM from STM were the rate of forgetting, then you could just as easily say there is only one buffer and items just differ in how quickly they are forgotten.
But it turned out that when these issues were examined more closely that LTM sometimes preserved acoustic and other low level information (priming effects) and that short term memory was sensitive to both the meaning of the information and to visual information (Visual/Spatial Sketchpad).
As for capacity, the claim that STM holds 7 +/- 2 items depends on assuming that we're talking about chunks of information. But it isn't all that easy to specify what a "chunk" is. The reasoning becomes circular, if someone remembers 20 items on a short term memory task you can just say, oh they must have chunked the items into groups of three.
Levels of Processing As An Alternative To The Multi-Store Models

The Theory:

When information is processed it can be processed at varying levels of depth. Deep processing refers to fully analyzing information in terms of its meaning and importance. Shallow processing refers to processing information only in terms of its surface structure (sound, letters, etc.).
Depth of processing varies along a continuum. Processing isn't deep or shallow, rather processing is deep or shallow relative to other processing. You can think of varying levels of processing as falling into certain categories though:
Graphemic: The letters that make up the word
Orthographic: The shape of the printed word
Phonemic: The sound of the spoken word
Semantic: The meaning of the word
Deep processing leads to better memory than does shallow processing. Thus to the extent to which you analyze items in terms of their meaning you should do better at being able to remember the items.
How Could This Theory Be Used To Explain Previous Findings?

Previous researchers have found that short term memory tends to use an acoustic code and long term memory tends to use a semantic code.
You could explain this with Levels of Processing and eliminate the need for different stores altogether. Acoustic information is forgotten quickly (so it seems to be in short term memory) because its shallowly processed. Semantic information is forgotten slowly (so it seems to be in long term memory) because it is processed deeply.
Experimental Evidence For The Levels of Processing Approach

Most of the research investigating this theory has used a technique called incidental learning. In incidental learning tasks you are presented with items without being told you are going to be tested on them later. So the memory test that comes later is a surprise. This contrasts with intentional learning where you know ahead of time that your memory will be tested for what you are being presented with.
Why use incidental learning? Incidental learning is used because if you told people their memories were going to be tested later on, its likely they would try to deeply process the materials so that they would do well on the test. So you would lose the ability to compared deep processing with shallow processing. Everybody would be deeply processing everything.
In addition to using incidental learning, research on levels of processing also makes use of orienting tasks. An orienting task is a task that causes people to engage in a certain level of processing. (Does this word contain the letter E?; Does this word rhyme with nurse?; Is this something people keep money in?)
Example: Craik & Tulving (1973)
--Subjects were presented with a group of words in an auditory presentation

--They had a list of questions in front of them

--As each word was read, they answered the corresponding question

--Some questions emphasized the meaning of the word. Thus the orienting task for these words was a semantic orienting task. (SPEECH: Is it a form of communication?)

--Some questions emphasized the sound of the word. Thus the orienting task for these words was a phonemic orienting task (SPEECH: Does it rhyme with "each"?)

--Subjects were able to recognize 59% of the words that had been phonemically processed and 81% of the words that had been semantically processed.

This finding is really easy to replicate and tons of people since then have shown that semantic processing improves memory relative to other more "shallow" forms of processing.
Trouble in Paradise: Complaints Against Levels of Processing

Perhaps the biggest complaint made by some people was that there didn't seem to be any clear way of defining what one means by DEEP versus SHALLOW processing. It's a lot like the argument we talked about before with regards to chunking. Defining deep versus shallow could become circular because there doesn't seem to be any independent way of defining deep and shallow.
Another main argument against Levels of Processing Theory was that it didn't explain why deeper processing should lead to better memory.
A third complaint against Levels of Processing Theory was that it didn't do a good job explaining why different tasks that are presumably at the same level should produce different levels of performance.
Getting DEEPER into Depth of Processing

Remember that its important to think about memory as being a case where people are presented with certain cues (reminders) that help recover the memory.

One way of understanding why deep processing should lead to better memory is that deep processing may lead to a more elaborate mental representation. By elaborate we simply mean that the representation of the word becomes associated with a greater number of other things and a more coherent set of other things. Thus there should be more potential retrieval pathways ( a lot of different cues should all work)
A second way of understanding why deep processing should lead to better memory is that deeply processed items become more distinctively represented. Distinctiveness should help memory by decreasing interference. Remember the concept of release from proactive interference says that you can decrease interference from other items by making the new items distinctive from the old items. Making items distinctive means that the cues will match one and only one item.


Other Related Ideas Known to Influence Memory

Encoding Specificity

Encoding is the stage of a memory experiment in which things are being learned. Retrieval is the stage of a memory experiment in which things are being tested.
The encoding specificity principle (which we've touched on briefly before) states that memory will be best when the context during encoding matches the context at retrieval.
Evidence in favor of encoding specificity:
Godden & Baddeley (1975) had people (SCUBA divers) learn lists either on land or under water. On later recall tests, lists were recalled better on land if learned on land and under water if learned under water.
Eich et al (1975): people learned lists and later recalled them either under the influence of marijuana or not. Performance was worst when items were studied in placebo condition but tested in marijuana condition.
Encoding Variability

Encoding variability principle is the claim that memory will be best when items are studied in a variety of different contexts. The general idea is that by studying material in a variety of different contexts you maximize the number of possible effective retrieval cues. If you study in one context only, you'll remember things in that context but no others.
Distribution of Practice

Massed Practice: Same item presented repeatedly n number of times, followed by next item, etc. (e.g. run, run, run, chair, chair, chair, rock, rock, rock...)
Distributed Practiced: Items presented n number of times, but with other intervening items in between (e.g. run, chair, rock, run, chair, rock, run, chair, rock...)
Generally people have found that distributed practice leads to better memory.


Yaad Kuch Aata Nahin, Yeh Hua Kab Se...Ho Gaya Mushkil Chhupaana Raaz Yeh Sab Se...Tum Kaho To Maang Loon Main Aaj Kuch Rab Se Rabba mere rabba rabba, rabba mere rabba,Is pyaar ko main kya naam doon Roshni se bhare bhare..Bhare bhare naina tere..Chhooke bole na chhoona mujhe Suraj hua maddham, chaand jalne laga..Aasmaan yeh haai kyoon pighalne laga..Main thehra raha, zameen chalne lagi.. Bheeghi Bheeghi Raaton Mein, Phir Tum Aao Na...Asi Barsaton Mein Aao Na.. Humko Humise Chura Lo, Dil Mein Kahin Tum Chhupa Lo,Hum Akele Kho Naa Jaaye, Door Tumse Ho Naa Jaaye,Paas Aao Gale Se Lagaa Lo Toota Toota ek parinda...Jo bhi kaal hua kal bhi phir aayaga Hai...Tumse milke dil ka hai jo haal kya kahe..Ho gaya hai kaisa yeh kamaal kya kahe Ruka Ja, Oh Jaana Wali Ruka Ja...Nazara Mein To Tera Bhura Sa Sahi..Adami Mein Bhura Nahi Dil Ka Aja Re, Aja Re Oh Mere Dilbar Aja..Dil Ki Pyaas Buja Ja Re...Oh Noorie kabhie kabhie mere dil mein khayaal aata hai...ke jaise tujh ko banaya gaya hai mere liye..ke jaise tujh ko banaya gaya haiKitna bechain hoke tumse mila...Tumko kya tha khabar tha main kitna akela ..Ke kitna mohabbat hai tumse...Hai...Tumse milke dil ka hai jo haal kya kahe..Ho gaya hai kaisa yeh kamaal kya kaheTujhe dekha to yeh jaana sanam..Pyaar hota hai deewana sanam..Tujhe dekha to yeh jaana sanam.Tujhe dekha to yeh jaana sanam..Pyaar hota hai deewana sanam.Ab ahan se kahan jaaye hum..Teri bahon mein mar jaaye hum Aksar is duniya mein anjaane milte hain,Anjaani raahon mein milke kho jaate hain,Lekin hamesha voh yaad aate hain Na kajre ki dhaar, na motiyon ke haar,Na koi kiya singaar phir bhi kitni sundar ho,Tum kitni sundar ho Na jaane mere dil ko kya ho gaya..Abhi to yahin tha, abhi kho gaya..Ho gaya hai tujhko to pyaar sajna..Lakh kar le tu inkaar sajna..Dildaar sajna, hai yeh pyaar sajna



Dil Dooba Dil Dooba...Neela Akho Mein Yeh Dil Dooba.. Neela Neela Amber Per Chand Jab Aye...Aisa Koi Saathi Ho ..Aisa Koi Premi Hoi Jaanam Dekh Lo Mit Gayeen Dooriyaan..Main Yahaan Hoon Yahaan Hoon..Yahaan Hoon..Yahaan...Kaisi Sarhadein...Kaisi Majbooriyaan..Main Yahaan Hoon Yahaan Hoon..Yahaan Hoon..Yahaan...Tum Chhupaa Na Sakogi Main Vo Raaz Hoon...Tum Bhulaa Na Sakogi Vo Andaaz Hoon...Goonjtaa Hoon Jo Dil Mein To Hairaan Ho Kyon...Main Tumhaare Hi Dil Ki To Aavaaz Hoon...Main Yahaan Hoon Yahaan Hoon..Yahaan Hoon..Yahaan... Aisa muhje tu na dehka na...seeena se laga loonga, tum ko tumse chura loonga...dil mein chupa loonga Gila Gila Dil Gila.. Mila mila mila koi mila ...Teri Ha Adaar Laga sab se judaa hai dil tuje per fida hai... Dhoom Dhoom let ya body do the talking..Dhoom Dhoom be the fire thats buring..Dhoom machaalay dhoom machaalay dhoom Tere Liye Hum Hai Jiye..Hota ke siya...Dil mein Magar chalte reha chaahat ke Diya... Zara zara bahekta hai, mahekta hai,Aaj to mera tan badan, main pyaasi hoon,Mujhe bhar le apni baahon mein Dheera dheera se mera zindagi mein ana...tumsi pyar huma hai kitna jaana jaana Pyar ke isa khel mein..do dil aur mehl mein, tera peecha na chodunga soniya Mera mehboob sanam, tera ashiq hogaya hum...milaka nazaaro se nazaar tera pyaar mein kogaya hum... Wada Raha Pyar Se Pyar Ka, Hum Na Hoga Juda, Dil Ke Dhadkhan Sunrha Hai Mera Khudda Dheera Dheera Se Mera Zindagi Mein Ana...Tumsi Pyar Huma Hai Kitna Jaana JaanaSaamne hain raastein, hum guzar jaaye...Ya kisi ke vaaste hum thaher jaaye...Ab yahan tak aa gaye hain, ab kidhar jaaye...Jaaduuuuuuu teri nazar...Kushboo tera baadan..tu har kar, ya nah kar...Kali nagin ke jaise..Zulfe teri kali kali..Sagar ko moti aur..Suraj ko tu dati hai lali..Kali nagin ke jaise..Zulfe teri kali kaliYeh din yeh mahine saal guzar jaayenge mere yaar..Magar itna rakhna khayaal..Jeena sirf mere liye, jeena sirf mere liye..Kasam se jeena sirf mere liye, jeena sirf mere liye Banno ki saheli resham ki dori..Chhup chhupke sharmaaye dekhe chori chori..Yeh maane ya na maane main to ispe mar gaya..Yeh ladki haai allah, haai haai re allah Tum paas aaye, yun muskuraaye,Tumne na jaane kya sapne dikhaaye,Tum paas aaye, yun muskuraaye,Tumne na jaane kya sapne dikhaaye,Ab to mera dil jaage na sota hai,Kya karoon haaye, kuch kuch hota hai
Reply With Quote

5 Lastest Threads by KALKI
Thread Forum Last Poster Replies Views Last Post
Vedic videos on Rumble.com Bhajans & Devotional Media KALKI 0 1 23-12-2020 07:39
[Video] Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 18 Verse 5:... Bhajans & Devotional Media Kalpana.v 1 2 27-09-2020 20:29

Reply


Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off

Forum Jump

Bookmarks

 
New To Site? Need Help?

All times are GMT +1. The time now is 11:22.

www.Asian-Massive-Crew.co.uk  | www.Asian-Massive-Crew.com  | www.AsianMassiveCrew.com  |   www.AsianMassiveCrew.co.uk  

 Graphics, Design & Layout  by Web Designerz - The Power To Create..!

Copyright © 2002 Onwards  www.Kalki.co.uk  | Website Hosted by Reality Host

   

DISCLAIMER: Every reasonable effort has been made, to make this site a peaceful yet an entertaining venue. 
The creator nor it's staff shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person, company or entity whatsoever, 
with respect to any loss, damages or misunderstandings arising from any information or speculation contained
in any of the topics and its updates. Each member is responsible for his/her own thoughts of action when expressed!